He centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator for life" Latin: "dictator perpetuo". He initiated land reform and support for veterans. He gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic. This began Caesar's civil war, which he won, leaving him in a position of near unchallenged power and influence.Īfter assuming control of government, Caesar began a program of social and governmental reforms, including the creation of the Julian calendar. Leaving his command in Gaul would mean losing his immunity to criminal prosecution by his enemies knowing this, Caesar openly defied the Senate's authority by crossing the Rubicon and marching towards Rome at the head of an army. With the Gallic Wars concluded, the Senate ordered Caesar to step down from his military command and return to Rome. These achievements and the support of his veteran army threatened to eclipse the standing of Pompey, who had realigned himself with the Senate after the death of Crassus in 53 BC. During this time he both invaded Britain and built a bridge across the Rhine river.
Caesar rose to become one of the most powerful politicians in the Roman Republic through a string of military victories in the Gallic Wars, completed by 51 BC, which greatly extended Roman territory. Their attempts to amass power as Populares were opposed by the Optimates within the Roman Senate, among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed the First Triumvirate, a political alliance that dominated Roman politics for several years. This page was created in 1997 last modified on 14 March 2019.Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. There are two other books which are said to be written by Julius Caesar, but were in fact written by others: the Bellum Africanum and the Bellum Hispaniense deal with the events in 46 and 45. Hirtius wrote a Bellum Alexandrinum about the events in the year 47. In these books, Caesar is his own herald: in a simple and compressed style, he shows himself involuntarily fighting necessary wars. The three books on the civil war are comparable they describe the events of the years 49 and 48 but are unfinished. Caesar's literary aims are discussed here. An eighth book carries the story to the outbreak of the Civil War (i.e., it deals with the years 51 and 50) but is written by his lieutenant Hirtius. The first text was written in Gaul, and contains seven books, each covering a single year from 58 to 52. The only publications that have come down to us and can still be read, are his fascinating commentaries on his wars (e.g., De bello Gallico on the wars in Gaul and De bello civili on the civil war). It is possible that Caesar was very skeptical about religion although he was the high priest of the Roman state cult, he does nowhere betray religious sentiments.
If one were to criticize the gods, these were well chosen subjects. It is interesting to note that both Oedipus and Hercules were legendary heroes who suffered seriously for crimes they committed unwillingly. In Suetonius' days, other publications were already lost: a tragedy Oedipus, a collection of apophtegms and a poem or speech In praise of Hercules. These works are unknown to us, because the medieval monks who copied all the ancient manuscripts considered them unimportant. A poem The voyage described Caesar's journey from Rome to Hispania, when he was governor of Andalusia. Writing in the first quarter of the second century CE, the Roman author Suetonius still knew many of Caesar's publications, such as a book On analogy and a collection of speeches In reply to Cato.
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